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नेपालमा करिव ४१ प्रतिशत बालबालिकाहरू दीर्घकुपोषणबाट ग्रस्त रहेका छन् (ल्म्ज्क् द्दण्ज्ञज्ञ) । गर्भधारणदेखि दुई वर्षको उमेर भित्रै बालबालिकामा पुड्कोपनको बिजारोपण हुन्छ जसको निवारण पछि सम्भव हु“दैन । यसवाहेक पनि नेपालको जनसङ्ख्या विशेष गरी जोखिममा रहेका महिला तथा बालबालिकाहरू विभिन्न सुक्ष्म पोषण तत्वहरूको अभावले ग्रसित छन् ।

स्वास्थ्य संस्थाहरूबाट गुणस्तरीय र प्रभावकारी तवरले स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदान गर्नको लागि जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य÷जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालयका भण्डारमा कार्यरत स्टोरकिपरहरूलाई भण्डार व्यवस्थापन सम्बन्धी समूहगत रूपमा जिल्ला अस्पतालका स्टोरकिपरहरूका लागि आधारभूत तालीम तथा जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य÷जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालयका स्टोरकिपर र कोल्डचेन असिस्टेण्टहरू, उप स्वास्थ्य चौकीका प्रमुखहरू, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र र स्वास्थ्य चौकीका प्रमुख र स्टोरकिपरहरूलाई स्वास्थ्य सामग्री आपूर्ति व्यवस्थापन तालीम संचालन गरि सकिएको छ |

आधारभूत स्वास्थ्य सेवा व्यवस्थापनको क्रममा हुने विभिन्न कार्यहरुमध्ये औषधि तथा स्वास्थ्य उपकरण खरिद, भण्डारण र वितरण महत्वपूर्ण कार्यहरु हुन् । यी कार्यहरुमा संविधानत सङ्घीय संरचना तयार हुनु अगाडिसम्म केन्द्रमा स्वास्थ्य सेवा विभाग, आपूर्ति व्यवस्था महाशाखाका साथै कार्यक्रमसँग सम्बधित महाशाखा, क्षेत्रीय स्वास्थ्य निर्देशनालय र अन्तर्गतका क्षेत्रीय मेडिकल स्टोर साथै जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य, जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालय र अन्तर्गतका स्वास्थ्य संस्थाहरुले मुख्य भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै आएका थिए ।

आयोडिन भनेको एक प्रकारको लवण हो । यो माटोमा पाइन्छ । जनावर तथा मानव शरीरको वृद्धि र विकासका लागि आयोडिन नभई हँुदैन । मानिसको शरीरका अत्यन्त संवेदनशील अंगहरू– मस्तिष्क र सम्पूर्ण स्नायु प्रणालीलाई राम्ररी सञ्चालन गर्नका लागि आयोडिनको जरुरत पर्दछ ।

आँखाको देख्ने शक्तिलाई सधै स्वस्थ र तन्दुरुस्त राख्न र शरीरलाई विभिन्न प्रकारका संक्रामक रोगहरूबाट बचाई राख्न भिटामिन ए आवश्यक पर्दछ । यो मानिसको शारीरिक र मानसिक विकासका लागि नभई नहुने तत्व हो । भिटामिन ए को कमीले गर्दा नेपालमा प्रतिदिन एकजना बालबालिका अन्धो हुने गरेको कुरा पत्ता लागेको छ ।

Breastfeeding gives children the best start in life. It is estimated that over one million children die each year from diarrhoea, respiratory and other infections because they are not adequately breastfed. Many more children suffer from unnecessary illnesses that they would not have if they were breastfed. Breastfeeding also helps to protect mothers' health.

The Care of the Newborn Reference Manual was written to guide the training of all health care workers in the best practices for the health and survival of newborn infants, particularly in developing countries. The information and skills provided in the pages that follow are essential for those caring for all newborns in the first 28 days of life, whether community-based health workers, nurses, midwives, or physicians.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are among the most common causes of illnesses in the world and have far reaching health, social and economic consequences. It is estimated that after maternal causes, STI are responsible for the greatest number of healthy life years lost among women in developing countries.

This Collaborative Framework paves the road in strengthening working relationships between the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) and Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) at different levels resulting in a win-win for both partners. It is a milestone towards strengthening participatory development and local governance in the long-run. MoHP

The current human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in Nepal are alarming with an estimated 60,000 Nepalese infected with the HIV virus, and more than 3000 people reported as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). About 26 % of the HIV infected are women.

Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious disease that is caused by Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi. It is also known as tsutsugamushi disease. It is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium from the Rickettsiaceae family.

Tetanus is a serious disease in newborn infants. Each year, more than 450 000 infants die from neonatal tetanus (tetanus in the first month of life), and nearly 40 000 mothers die from tetanus infection acquired during delivery. If the mother is not immunized with the correct number of doses of a tetanus toxoid vaccine, neither she nor her newborn infant is protected against tetanus at the time of birth.

Of the 33.2 million people living with HIV worldwide at the end of 2007, 2.5 million were children under the age of 15 years. In 2007 alone, 420,000 children worldwide were newly infected with HIV. The most frequent source of HIV infection in infants and children is transmission from mother-to-child during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding.

In Nepal, the first case of AIDS was reported in 1988. The national HIV sentinel surveillance system has provided data that indicate there were around 60,018 people living with HIV/AIDS and 2958 AIDS related deaths by 2002. It is estimated that HIV prevalence is around 0.5 percent in the general adult population. Behavioral data shows a high potential for an increased spread of HIV from high-risk groups to the general population.

Over the last decade, Nepal has achieved significant progress in reducing the under five mortality rate. The reduction in under five mortality rates has been possible through effective child health programmes such as improved coverage and addition of newer vaccines in the national immunization programme, sustained high coverage with Vitamin A supplementation and deworming and expansion of the programme of community based integrated management of childhood illnesses.

जन स्वास्थ्य समस्याको रुपमा रहेको कुष्ठरोगलाई २०६६ माघ ५ तदनुसार सन् २०१० जनवरी १९ गतेका दिन नेपालले राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा निवारण (भ्ष्mिष्लबतष्यल) गरेको घोषणा भई सकेता पनि तराई लगायतका केहि जिल्लाहरुमा अझै पनि कुष्ठरोगको प्रकोप दर (एचभखबबिलअभ) उच्च रहेकोले जिल्ला स्तरमै कुष्ठरोग निवारण (भ्ष्mिष्लबतष्यल) गर्नका लागि अभियान संचालन प्रयोजनार्थ यो निर्देशिका तयार पारिएको छ । यो कार्यक्रम सरकारी, गैह्र सरकारी, निजि क्षेत्र तथा समुदायको संयुक्त सहकार्यमा संचालन हुनेछ ।

Health and education are interdependent and schools provide a unique opportunity to improve health and education status of school age children. Diseases related to lack of hygiene, malnutrition is still the leading causes of death for children in Southeast Asia including Nepal. High Burden of childhood diseases has a signification impact on educational and health goals of school children through pain, morbidity and mortality.

खोपबाटबचाउन सकिने विभिन्न रोगहरु लाग्ने दरमा कमी ल्याई ती रोगहरुको कारणबाट हुने अपाङ्गता र बाल मृत्यु दर घटाउनु नै राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रमको लक्ष्य रहेको छ । यो कार्यक्रम जनस्वास्थ्य सेवाको क्षेत्रमा सफल एवं प्रभावकारी कार्यक्रमको रुपमा परिचित छ । यो कार्यक्रमले शिशु मृत्यु दर, बालमृत्यु दर र मातृ मृत्यु दर घटाउनमा बिशेष योगदान पु¥याएको छ ।

नेपाल भरिका सम्पूर्ण बालबालिकाहरुलाई विभिन्न सरुवा रोगहरु लाग्नबाट सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दै खोप जन्य रोगहरुबाट हुने बिरामीदरमा कमी ल्याई शिशु तथा बालमृत्युदर घटाउन नियमित रुपमा संचालन गरिदै आएको खोप सेवा कार्यक्रमलाई राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम भनिन्छ । हाल नेपालमा यस कार्यक्रम मार्फत ९ वटा सरुवा रोग विरुद्ध खोप कार्यक्रम संचालनमा ल्याइएको छ ।

नेपाल भरिका सम्पूर्ण बालबालिकाहरुलाई विभिन्न सरुवा रोगहरु लाग्नबाट सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दै खोप जन्य रोगहरुबाट हुने बिरामीदरमा कमी ल्याई शिशु तथा बालमृत्युदर घटाउन नियमित रुपमा संचालन गरिदै आएको खोप सेवा कार्यक्रमलाई राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम भनिन्छ । हाल नेपालमा यस कार्यक्रम मार्फत ९ वटा सरुवा रोग विरुद्ध खोप कार्यक्रम संचालनमा ल्याइएको छ ।

कुष्ठरोग निवारणको स्थितीलाई दिगो राख्दै सेवालाई गुणस्तरीय एवं सर्व सुलभ तथा सवैको पहुंच योग्य बनाई यसको समस्यालाई थप न्यूनीकरण गर्नको लागि क्षेत्रीय स्तरबाट संचालन गरिने कार्यक्रम संचालन निर्देशिका निम्नानुसार रहेको छ ।

कृषि तथा खाद्य सुरक्षा आयोजना वहुदाताहरुको सहयोगमा स्थापित ग्लोवल एगृकल्चर एण्ड फुड सेक्युरिटी प्रोग्राम (न्यिदब िब्नचष्अगतिगचभ बलम ँययम क्भअगचष्तथ एचयनबm(न्ब्ँक्ए) को अनुदान सहयोगमा नेपाल सरकारले संचालन गर्दै आएको एक प्राथमिकतामा रहेको आयोजना हो । यो आयोजना सन् २०१३ (आ.व. २०६९÷०७०) देखि सन् २०१८ (आ. व. २०७३÷०७४) सम्म ५ बर्ष संचालनमा रहने छ । नेपालको मध्य पश्चिमाञ्चल तथा सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्रका खाद्य सुरक्षाको दृष्टिकोणवाट जोखिममा रहेका मध्य पहाडी र उच्च पहाडीका १९ जिल्लाहरुमा यो आयोजना लागु गरिएको छ । नेपाल सरकार अन्तर्गतको कृषि विकास मन्त्रालयले मुल रुपमा कार्यान्वयन गर्ने तथा स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसंख्या मन्त्रालयको सहयोगी भूमिकामा संचालन हुने यस आयोजनाको योजना तर्जुमा, कार्यान्वयन र मुल्याकंनको लागि बिश्व बैंक (ध्यचमि द्यबलप) ले सुपरिवेक्षण कर्ताको भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै आएको छ ।

Over the past two decades, the high levels of maternal mortality in developing countries has increasingly been recognised as an urgent public health concern. The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG) is to improve maternal health, with the target of reducing the 1990 maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters, by 2015. The Government of Nepal (GoN) is committed to achieving this goal and safe motherhood has been a national priority for Nepal.

At the opening session participants are unknown to each other and can feel uncomfortable interacting and sharing personal experiences. In this situation it is good idea to introduce each other and express themselves in front of a group. This exercise gives an opportunity to the group to share their views and experiences, which makes the climate more comfortable. After this session, the trainer also needs to give a brief introduction on training design and course structure and the training conduction procedures. It helps the participants to adjust in a new situation and mentally prepare for learning.

Counseling is not a new domain or technique, rather it is an ancient art. In our day-to-day life we have seen that people always seek help when facing difficulties. Yet in many communities old or wise persons play the role of counselor. But the scenario has changed and the counseling profession has developed significantly.

HIV/AIDS presents many challenges to communities, families and individuals. Some people may feel hopeless and think that knowing their status cannot help them or their communities. They may assume that more people are infected than is actually the case. Many people are only aware of those in their community who are ill with AIDS and are not aware of those who are HIV infected and living healthy and productive lives. Often AIDS education and awareness programs appear to focus on the physical suffering, diseases, and symptoms associated with the end stage of AIDS.

With the objective of providing updated, evidence-based clinical recommendations outlining a public health approach to providing ARV drugs for HIV treatment and prevention in the context of the continuum of HIV care, Ministry of Health and Population, National Center for AIDS & STD Control revised the National ART Guidelines developed in 2012, based on the recommendations adopted to Nepal context from WHO “Consolidated Guideline on The use of ARV Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection” (June 2013).

STIs are one of the major public health problems in all countries, more so in developing countries where access to adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are very limited or non-existent due mainly to poverty and ignorance. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common causes of illnesses in the world and have far reaching health, social and economic consequences. Timely diagnosis and treatment of STIs are important because of their magnitude, potential complications and their interaction with HIV.

Nepal has entered a 'concentrated' epidemic with HIV prevalence consistently high among certain sub-populations such as injecting drug users (IDUs) and female sex workers (FSWs). The estimated number of total HIV infected persons (adult and children) for 2007 was 69,790, of which, 64,585 were adults (aged 15-49 years) and 1,857 were children (aged 0 to 14) (NCASC, 2008). By the end of 2007, HIV prevalence was estimated to be around 0.49 percent in the adult population (Ibid. 2008). While stigma and discrimination discourage people from seeking HIV testing, it is also creating an environment of fear and hesitancy among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in accessing essential care services. It is the right of PLHA to access quality treatment and care, and given that health facilities in this country are already stretched, it is crucial to take care and support services into the homes and communities of PLHA.

Proven and evidence-based interventions are of paramount importance for achieving the national target of halving new HIV infections. Understanding the dynamics of the HIV epidemic through systematic evidence is critical for addressing the knowledge gaps for an effective policy and planning decisions in response to HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) and its partners, therefore, developed the National HIV Research Agenda to inform research gaps and to enhance quality, coverage and effectiveness of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services in Nepal. 

In Nepal an HIV case was first detected in 1988. The prevalence of HIV in adults is 0.17 percent in 2016. The National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) has taken the lead role in lowering the rate of HIV infections throughout Nepal. HIV prevalence has reduced significantly during the last decade due to effective targeted interventions among key populations and greater enrolment in treatment. The NCASC, with technical assistance of key stakeholders, has been able to follow the “test and treat approach” to reach the global target (90-90-90).

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease caused in the Indian subcontinent by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sandfly, Phlebotomus argentipes. The disease is characterized by prolonged fever, splenomegaly, anemia, progressive weight loss and sometimes darkening of the skin. In the endemic areas, children and young adults are its principal victims. The disease is fatal if not treated and sometimes even when treated if it is not done timely

The consequences of malnutrition are serious and life-long, falling hardest on the very poor and on women and children. Overall in developing countries, nearly one-third of children are underweight or stunted (low height for age)3. Under nutrition interacts with repeated bouts of infectious disease; causing an estimated 3.5 million preventable maternal and child deaths annually4, and its economic costs in terms of lost national productivity and economic growth are huge. In all its forms, malnutrition accounts for more than 50 per cent of child mortality in Nepal based on WHO estimates. Malnourished children who do survive are more frequently ill and suffer the life-long consequences of impaired physical and cognitive development. These consequences translate to poor human resource capital and poor economic development.