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नेपालमा करिव ४१ प्रतिशत बालबालिकाहरू दीर्घकुपोषणबाट ग्रस्त रहेका छन् (ल्म्ज्क् द्दण्ज्ञज्ञ) । गर्भधारणदेखि दुई वर्षको उमेर भित्रै बालबालिकामा पुड्कोपनको बिजारोपण हुन्छ जसको निवारण पछि सम्भव हु“दैन । यसवाहेक पनि नेपालको जनसङ्ख्या विशेष गरी जोखिममा रहेका महिला तथा बालबालिकाहरू विभिन्न सुक्ष्म पोषण तत्वहरूको अभावले ग्रसित छन् ।

स्वास्थ्य संस्थाहरूबाट गुणस्तरीय र प्रभावकारी तवरले स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदान गर्नको लागि जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य÷जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालयका भण्डारमा कार्यरत स्टोरकिपरहरूलाई भण्डार व्यवस्थापन सम्बन्धी समूहगत रूपमा जिल्ला अस्पतालका स्टोरकिपरहरूका लागि आधारभूत तालीम तथा जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य÷जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालयका स्टोरकिपर र कोल्डचेन असिस्टेण्टहरू, उप स्वास्थ्य चौकीका प्रमुखहरू, प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केन्द्र र स्वास्थ्य चौकीका प्रमुख र स्टोरकिपरहरूलाई स्वास्थ्य सामग्री आपूर्ति व्यवस्थापन तालीम संचालन गरि सकिएको छ |

आधारभूत स्वास्थ्य सेवा व्यवस्थापनको क्रममा हुने विभिन्न कार्यहरुमध्ये औषधि तथा स्वास्थ्य उपकरण खरिद, भण्डारण र वितरण महत्वपूर्ण कार्यहरु हुन् । यी कार्यहरुमा संविधानत सङ्घीय संरचना तयार हुनु अगाडिसम्म केन्द्रमा स्वास्थ्य सेवा विभाग, आपूर्ति व्यवस्था महाशाखाका साथै कार्यक्रमसँग सम्बधित महाशाखा, क्षेत्रीय स्वास्थ्य निर्देशनालय र अन्तर्गतका क्षेत्रीय मेडिकल स्टोर साथै जिल्ला स्वास्थ्य, जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालय र अन्तर्गतका स्वास्थ्य संस्थाहरुले मुख्य भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै आएका थिए ।

आयोडिन भनेको एक प्रकारको लवण हो । यो माटोमा पाइन्छ । जनावर तथा मानव शरीरको वृद्धि र विकासका लागि आयोडिन नभई हँुदैन । मानिसको शरीरका अत्यन्त संवेदनशील अंगहरू– मस्तिष्क र सम्पूर्ण स्नायु प्रणालीलाई राम्ररी सञ्चालन गर्नका लागि आयोडिनको जरुरत पर्दछ ।

आँखाको देख्ने शक्तिलाई सधै स्वस्थ र तन्दुरुस्त राख्न र शरीरलाई विभिन्न प्रकारका संक्रामक रोगहरूबाट बचाई राख्न भिटामिन ए आवश्यक पर्दछ । यो मानिसको शारीरिक र मानसिक विकासका लागि नभई नहुने तत्व हो । भिटामिन ए को कमीले गर्दा नेपालमा प्रतिदिन एकजना बालबालिका अन्धो हुने गरेको कुरा पत्ता लागेको छ ।

Breastfeeding gives children the best start in life. It is estimated that over one million children die each year from diarrhoea, respiratory and other infections because they are not adequately breastfed. Many more children suffer from unnecessary illnesses that they would not have if they were breastfed. Breastfeeding also helps to protect mothers' health.

The Care of the Newborn Reference Manual was written to guide the training of all health care workers in the best practices for the health and survival of newborn infants, particularly in developing countries. The information and skills provided in the pages that follow are essential for those caring for all newborns in the first 28 days of life, whether community-based health workers, nurses, midwives, or physicians.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are among the most common causes of illnesses in the world and have far reaching health, social and economic consequences. It is estimated that after maternal causes, STI are responsible for the greatest number of healthy life years lost among women in developing countries.

A total of 1776 childhood TB cases were notified in 2015/16. The highest number (626) of childhood TB cases was notified in central region and lowest number is notified in far western region. There is a wide variation in the proportion of childhood TB cases between the regions, being highest (11.1 %) in the midwestern region and lowest (3.4%) in the eastern region.

The current human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in Nepal are alarming with an estimated 60,000 Nepalese infected with the HIV virus, and more than 3000 people reported as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). About 26 % of the HIV infected are women.

Disease surveillance is the collection of information for action. By collecting information about cases of the disease and appropriately analyzing the data, one can determine what actions are needed to reduce the number of cases. Decision on resource allocation and on the definition of priorities and objectives, cannot be made without a database in order to identify problems and their pattern of distribution in the population.

Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious disease that is caused by Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi. It is also known as tsutsugamushi disease. It is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium from the Rickettsiaceae family.

Tetanus is a serious disease in newborn infants. Each year, more than 450 000 infants die from neonatal tetanus (tetanus in the first month of life), and nearly 40 000 mothers die from tetanus infection acquired during delivery. If the mother is not immunized with the correct number of doses of a tetanus toxoid vaccine, neither she nor her newborn infant is protected against tetanus at the time of birth.

Of the 33.2 million people living with HIV worldwide at the end of 2007, 2.5 million were children under the age of 15 years. In 2007 alone, 420,000 children worldwide were newly infected with HIV. The most frequent source of HIV infection in infants and children is transmission from mother-to-child during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding.

This report brings to bear new evidence on the benefits and costs of international banking. Countries that are open to international banking can benefit from global flows of funds, knowledge, and opportunity, but the regulatory challenges are complex and, at times, daunting.

The past three decades have witnessed some impressive advances in leprosy control. Elimination as a public health problem (i.e. registered prevalence below 1 per 10 000 population) was achieved in all countries1. The agenda of eliminating leprosy at the subnational level is still unfinished in many countries and will therefore continue to be pursued in the coming years.

In Nepal, the first case of AIDS was reported in 1988. The national HIV sentinel surveillance system has provided data that indicate there were around 60,018 people living with HIV/AIDS and 2958 AIDS related deaths by 2002. It is estimated that HIV prevalence is around 0.5 percent in the general adult population. Behavioral data shows a high potential for an increased spread of HIV from high-risk groups to the general population.

This module describes the diseases that can be prevented by vaccines in the immunization programmes of most countries. Since the last edition of Immunization in practice, more diseases have been added because effective new vaccines — against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), for example — are now widely available

जन स्वास्थ्य समस्याको रुपमा रहेको कुष्ठरोगलाई २०६६ माघ ५ तदनुसार सन् २०१० जनवरी १९ गतेका दिन नेपालले राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा निवारण (भ्ष्mिष्लबतष्यल) गरेको घोषणा भई सकेता पनि तराई लगायतका केहि जिल्लाहरुमा अझै पनि कुष्ठरोगको प्रकोप दर (एचभखबबिलअभ) उच्च रहेकोले जिल्ला स्तरमै कुष्ठरोग निवारण (भ्ष्mिष्लबतष्यल) गर्नका लागि अभियान संचालन प्रयोजनार्थ यो निर्देशिका तयार पारिएको छ । यो कार्यक्रम सरकारी, गैह्र सरकारी, निजि क्षेत्र तथा समुदायको संयुक्त सहकार्यमा संचालन हुनेछ ।

Health and education are interdependent and schools provide a unique opportunity to improve health and education status of school age children. Diseases related to lack of hygiene, malnutrition is still the leading causes of death for children in Southeast Asia including Nepal. High Burden of childhood diseases has a signification impact on educational and health goals of school children through pain, morbidity and mortality.

नेपाल सरकार स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालय, स्वास्थ्य सेवा विभाग अन्तरगतको इपिडिमियोलोजी तथा रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाबाट आर्थिक वर्ष २०७३÷७४ मा सञ्चालन हुने विभिन्न कार्यक्रम, अध्ययन तथा अनुसन्धानलाई बैज्ञानिक र व्यवस्थित रुपमा सञ्चालन गर्ने उद्देश्य लिई यस निर्देशिका तयार गरिएको हो । यस निर्देशिकाले इपिडिमियोलोजी तथा रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाबाट क्षेत्रिय तथा जिल्लास्तरमा सञ्चालन हुने इपिडिमियोलोजी, योजना, सर्भिलेन्स तथा अनुसन्धान, प्राकृतिक प्रकोप व्यवस्थापन, इन्टोमोलोजी, रोग नियन्त्रण, जुनोसिस, हात्तीपाइले रोग निवारण,सम्वन्धि कार्यक्रमहरुलाई व्यवस्थित तथा आर्थिक पारदर्शी रुपमा सञ्चालन गर्न मद्धत पुग्नेछ ।

नेपाल सरकार स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालय, स्वास्थ्य सेवा विभाग अन्तरगतको इपिडिमियोलोजी तथा रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाबाट आर्थिक वर्ष २०७४÷७५ मा सञ्चालन हुने विभिन्न कार्यक्रम, अध्ययन तथा अनुसन्धानलाई बैज्ञानिक र व्यवस्थित रुपमा सञ्चालन गर्ने उद्देश्य लिई यस निर्देशिका तयार गरिएको हो ।यस निर्देशिकाले इपिडिमियोलोजी तथा रोग नियन्त्रण महाशाखाबाट क्षेत्रिय तथा जिल्लास्तरमा सञ्चालन हुने इपिडिमियोलोजी, योजना, सर्भिलेन्स तथा अनुसन्धान, प्राकृतिक प्रकोप व्यवस्थापन, इन्टोमोलोजी, रोग नियन्त्रण, जुनोसिस, हात्तीपाइले रोग निवारण,सम्वन्धि कार्यक्रमहरुलाई व्यवस्थित तथा आर्थिक पारदर्शी रुपमा सञ्चालन गर्न मद्धत पुग्नेछ । 

खोपबाटबचाउन सकिने विभिन्न रोगहरु लाग्ने दरमा कमी ल्याई ती रोगहरुको कारणबाट हुने अपाङ्गता र बाल मृत्यु दर घटाउनु नै राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रमको लक्ष्य रहेको छ । यो कार्यक्रम जनस्वास्थ्य सेवाको क्षेत्रमा सफल एवं प्रभावकारी कार्यक्रमको रुपमा परिचित छ । यो कार्यक्रमले शिशु मृत्यु दर, बालमृत्यु दर र मातृ मृत्यु दर घटाउनमा बिशेष योगदान पु¥याएको छ ।

नेपाल भरिका सम्पूर्ण बालबालिकाहरुलाई विभिन्न सरुवा रोगहरु लाग्नबाट सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दै खोप जन्य रोगहरुबाट हुने बिरामीदरमा कमी ल्याई शिशु तथा बालमृत्युदर घटाउन नियमित रुपमा संचालन गरिदै आएको खोप सेवा कार्यक्रमलाई राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम भनिन्छ । हाल नेपालमा यस कार्यक्रम मार्फत ९ वटा सरुवा रोग विरुद्ध खोप कार्यक्रम संचालनमा ल्याइएको छ ।

नेपाल भरिका सम्पूर्ण बालबालिकाहरुलाई विभिन्न सरुवा रोगहरु लाग्नबाट सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दै खोप जन्य रोगहरुबाट हुने बिरामीदरमा कमी ल्याई शिशु तथा बालमृत्युदर घटाउन नियमित रुपमा संचालन गरिदै आएको खोप सेवा कार्यक्रमलाई राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम भनिन्छ । हाल नेपालमा यस कार्यक्रम मार्फत ९ वटा सरुवा रोग विरुद्ध खोप कार्यक्रम संचालनमा ल्याइएको छ ।

कुष्ठरोग निवारणको स्थितीलाई दिगो राख्दै सेवालाई गुणस्तरीय एवं सर्व सुलभ तथा सवैको पहुंच योग्य बनाई यसको समस्यालाई थप न्यूनीकरण गर्नको लागि क्षेत्रीय स्तरबाट संचालन गरिने कार्यक्रम संचालन निर्देशिका निम्नानुसार रहेको छ ।

Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent infectious disease and significant public health problem in Nepal and continues to pose serious threat to the health of the population and development of the country. Currently nearly 80,000 people have tuberculosis in Nepal, with more than 44,000 new cases arising every year. About half of these are infectious (sputum smear-positive) cases which continue the chain of transmission. The majority of TB patients belong to the economically active age groups of 15–45 years.

लट क्वालिटी एसुरेन्स स्याम्पलिङ (एल.क्यू.ए.एस.) विधिको विकास सन् १९२० ताका कारखानाका व्यवस्थापकहरूले गरेका थिए । कुनै पनि कारखानाले सामानहरू निश्चित गुणस्तर या मापदण्ड अनुसार उत्पादन गर्नु पर्दछ । यदि कारखानाका सामानहरू गुणस्तरीय छैनन् र कमसल भएमा उपभोक्ताले ती सामानहरू प्रयोग गर्न छाड्छन् । कारखानाका सामानहरू कमसल हुनु भनेको उपभोक्ता जोखिममा पर्नु हो । यसैगरी कमसल भएका कारणले सामानहरू उपभोक्ताले प्रयोग गर्न छाड्नु भनेको उत्पादन इकाइ जोखिममा पर्नु हो । यसकारण कारखानाका व्यवस्थापकहरूले यी दुवै प्रकारका जोखिमहरूको नियन्त्रण गर्नु पर्दछ|

कृषि तथा खाद्य सुरक्षा आयोजना वहुदाताहरुको सहयोगमा स्थापित ग्लोवल एगृकल्चर एण्ड फुड सेक्युरिटी प्रोग्राम (न्यिदब िब्नचष्अगतिगचभ बलम ँययम क्भअगचष्तथ एचयनबm(न्ब्ँक्ए) को अनुदान सहयोगमा नेपाल सरकारले संचालन गर्दै आएको एक प्राथमिकतामा रहेको आयोजना हो । यो आयोजना सन् २०१३ (आ.व. २०६९÷०७०) देखि सन् २०१८ (आ. व. २०७३÷०७४) सम्म ५ बर्ष संचालनमा रहने छ । नेपालको मध्य पश्चिमाञ्चल तथा सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्रका खाद्य सुरक्षाको दृष्टिकोणवाट जोखिममा रहेका मध्य पहाडी र उच्च पहाडीका १९ जिल्लाहरुमा यो आयोजना लागु गरिएको छ । नेपाल सरकार अन्तर्गतको कृषि विकास मन्त्रालयले मुल रुपमा कार्यान्वयन गर्ने तथा स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसंख्या मन्त्रालयको सहयोगी भूमिकामा संचालन हुने यस आयोजनाको योजना तर्जुमा, कार्यान्वयन र मुल्याकंनको लागि बिश्व बैंक (ध्यचमि द्यबलप) ले सुपरिवेक्षण कर्ताको भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै आएको छ ।

For a functional, efficient e-reporting system to be in place at health facilities, a minimum set of physical infrastructure, IT equipment, software, and human resource is required at both the central and facility levels.

For existing information systems that are pursuing e-reporting, the infrastructure specifications described below as minimum requirements are to be upgraded to (if required) by the end of 2016. 

At the opening session participants are unknown to each other and can feel uncomfortable interacting and sharing personal experiences. In this situation it is good idea to introduce each other and express themselves in front of a group. This exercise gives an opportunity to the group to share their views and experiences, which makes the climate more comfortable. After this session, the trainer also needs to give a brief introduction on training design and course structure and the training conduction procedures. It helps the participants to adjust in a new situation and mentally prepare for learning.

Counseling is not a new domain or technique, rather it is an ancient art. In our day-to-day life we have seen that people always seek help when facing difficulties. Yet in many communities old or wise persons play the role of counselor. But the scenario has changed and the counseling profession has developed significantly.

HIV/AIDS presents many challenges to communities, families and individuals. Some people may feel hopeless and think that knowing their status cannot help them or their communities. They may assume that more people are infected than is actually the case. Many people are only aware of those in their community who are ill with AIDS and are not aware of those who are HIV infected and living healthy and productive lives. Often AIDS education and awareness programs appear to focus on the physical suffering, diseases, and symptoms associated with the end stage of AIDS.

VCT centers and VCT center personnel are not enough to deal with the problems faced by PLWHA. Referral networks as well as support not only from family but also from the community are also needed. In this respect, VCT can provide the crucial entry point to facilitate referrals. Thus, counselors need to understand their role as a bridge to other services needed by VCT client.