With the objective of providing updated, evidence-based clinical recommendations outlining a public health approach to providing ARV drugs for HIV treatment and prevention in the context of the continuum of HIV care, Ministry of Health and Population, National Center for AIDS & STD Control revised the National ART Guidelines developed in 2012, based on the recommendations adopted to Nepal context from WHO “Consolidated Guideline on The use of ARV Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection” (June 2013).
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STIs are one of the major public health problems in all countries, more so in developing countries where access to adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are very limited or non-existent due mainly to poverty and ignorance. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common causes of illnesses in the world and have far reaching health, social and economic consequences. Timely diagnosis and treatment of STIs are important because of their magnitude, potential complications and their interaction with HIV.
Nepal has entered a 'concentrated' epidemic with HIV prevalence consistently high among certain sub-populations such as injecting drug users (IDUs) and female sex workers (FSWs). The estimated number of total HIV infected persons (adult and children) for 2007 was 69,790, of which, 64,585 were adults (aged 15-49 years) and 1,857 were children (aged 0 to 14) (NCASC, 2008). By the end of 2007, HIV prevalence was estimated to be around 0.49 percent in the adult population (Ibid. 2008). While stigma and discrimination discourage people from seeking HIV testing, it is also creating an environment of fear and hesitancy among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in accessing essential care services. It is the right of PLHA to access quality treatment and care, and given that health facilities in this country are already stretched, it is crucial to take care and support services into the homes and communities of PLHA.
National Strategic Plan (2006–2011) aims to contribute directly to the Millennium Development Goal (Halt and begin to reverse the increasing trend of HIV by 2015) through numbers of key strategies for Prevention; and Treatment Care and Support. Keeping in view of current low coverage and access to services, insufficient focus to treatment care and support as well as inadequate link between prevention and treatment care and support, the NSP (2006 – 2011) is designed in line with Universal Access target of 80% coverage with prevention, treatment, care and support services to Most-at-risk population and People living with HIV and AIDS. The NSP (2006 – 2011) is developed within the broader framework of the National HIV and AIDS Policy and 11-point guiding principles.
HIV in Nepal is characterized as concentrated epidemic. More than 80 percent HIV infections spread through heterosexual transmission. People who inject drugs, female sex workers (FSWs) and men having sex with other men (MSM) are the key populations at higher risk spreading the epidemic. Male labour migrants (particularly to HIV prevalence areas in India, where labour migrants often visit female sex workers) and clients of female sex workers in Nepal are acting as bridging populations that transmit infections from higher risk groups to lower risk general population.
In Nepal an HIV case was first detected in 1988. The prevalence of HIV in adults is 0.17 percent in 2016. The National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) has taken the lead role in lowering the rate of HIV infections throughout Nepal. HIV prevalence has reduced significantly during the last decade due to effective targeted interventions among key populations and greater enrolment in treatment. The NCASC, with technical assistance of key stakeholders, has been able to follow the “test and treat approach” to reach the global target (90-90-90).
Every year globally, an estimated four million babies die before they reach the age of one month. Nearly the same numbers die in late pregnancy or are stillborn and these deaths are rarely recorded. Millions more are disabled because of poorly managed pregnancies, deliveries and neonatal care. Deaths are far more likely to occur early in the neonatal period. This has been neatly summarized as the “two thirds rule” which states that approximately 2/3 of all deaths in the first year of life occurs in the first month of life. Of these deaths, approximately 2/3 occurs in the first week of life. Of these deaths, approximately 2/3 occurs in the first day of life.
Reproductive Health (RH) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Reproductive Health therefore, implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and have the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this last condition are the rights of women and men Reproductive Health (RH) is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity to be informed of, and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility which are not against the law.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease caused in the Indian subcontinent by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sandfly, Phlebotomus argentipes. The disease is characterized by prolonged fever, splenomegaly, anemia, progressive weight loss and sometimes darkening of the skin. In the endemic areas, children and young adults are its principal victims. The disease is fatal if not treated and sometimes even when treated if it is not done timely
This manual was initially developed in 2006 by National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) with technical and financial support from FHI Nepal under United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The manual was further revised through a workshop organized by ASHA* Project under the leadership of NCASC in 2010.
The consequences of malnutrition are serious and life-long, falling hardest on the very poor and on women and children. Overall in developing countries, nearly one-third of children are underweight or stunted (low height for age)3. Under nutrition interacts with repeated bouts of infectious disease; causing an estimated 3.5 million preventable maternal and child deaths annually4, and its economic costs in terms of lost national productivity and economic growth are huge. In all its forms, malnutrition accounts for more than 50 per cent of child mortality in Nepal based on WHO estimates. Malnourished children who do survive are more frequently ill and suffer the life-long consequences of impaired physical and cognitive development. These consequences translate to poor human resource capital and poor economic development.
Under-nutrition has been a long standing public health problem in Nepal. Forty-nine per cent of Nepali children have been suffering from chronic forms of malnutrition, i.e., stunting and about one fourth of Nepal women has low BMI (<18.5). In Nepal, 39 per cent of children are underweight, 13 percent are wasted and 42 percent are anaemic (NDHS 2006).
नेपालको पोषण नीतिको उद्देश्य मुख्य रुपले ५ वर्ष मुनिका बालबालिकाहरु, गर्भवती तथा सुत्केरी महिलाहरुलाई प्रोटिन शक्ति कुपोषण तथा सूक्ष्मपोषकतत्वको कमी हुनबाट जोगाएर उनीहरुको मानसिक तथा शारीरिक बृद्घिका लागि पूर्ण सन्तुलित खाना खान पाउने व्यवस्था गर्न र भविष्यमा स्वस्थकर जीवन विताउन योग्य बनाउनु हो । बहुपक्षीय सहयोग र समन्वयबाट उनीहरुको पोषण स्थितिमा सुधार ल्याई कुपोषणको समस्यालाई घटाउंदै लैजाने नीतिगत उद्देश्य लिइएको छ ।
As conflicts surge around the world, new approaches to prevention can save lives and money - up to US$70 billion per year.
पानी जीवनको मूल आधार हो । मानिसलाई दैनिक करिव .....लिटर पानी आवश्यक पर्दछ । मानव जीवनकालागि पानीको उपलब्धता ,पर्याप्त, सुरक्षित तथा सुलभ हुनु जरुरी छ । संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ सुरक्षा परिषदले २६ जुलाई २०१० मा मानवीय स्वास्थ्य रक्षाको लागि सुरक्षित तथा स्वच्छ खानेपानीलाई मानव अधिकारको रुपमा घोषणा गरेको छ । विगत दुई दशक यता नेपालमा खानेपानीको पहँुचमा उल्लेखनीय सुधार भएको छ । खानेपानी तथा ढल निकास विभागको हालैको प्रतिवेदन अनुसार नेपालमा ८० प्रतिशत जनसंख्यालाई पानी उपलब्ध हुनेगरेको छ । जस मध्ये ५० प्रतिशत जनताले पाइपबाट वितरित पानी उपभोग गर्छन् ,जसको स्रोत ३० प्रतिशत मूलको तथा २० प्रतिशत सतही तथा भूमिगत रहेको छ । बाँकी ३० प्रतिशत हाते पम्पबाट र २० प्रतिशत परम्परागत स्रोत (इनार, कुवा, पँधेरो, खोला आदि० बाट उपभोग गर्छन् । खानेपानी सुक्ष्म जीवाणु बाट प्रदुषित हुने गर्दछ यी स्रोतहरुमध्ये सतही स्रोत सबैभन्दा बढी प्रदूषित हुने सम्भावना रहेको हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा महामारी रोग बिफर उम्मुलन पश्चात् विस्तारित खोप आयोजनको नामबाट बि.स. २०३५ सालमा खोप सेवा प्रारम्भ भएको हो । हाल खोप सेवाले आमा र बच्चाहरूको रोग लाग्ने दर, अशक्तता हुने दर तथा मृत्यूदर घटाउन उल्लेख्य भूमिका खेलेको सर्वविदितै छ । एकातिर हामीले खोप सेवाको विस्तारसँगै यसको गुणस्तरीयता कायम गर्नु चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य हो भने अर्कोतिर शतप्रतिशत लक्षित बालबालिकाहरूलाई खोप सेवा दिनु पनि त्यतिकै आवश्यकता छ । त्यसरी नै भ्याक्सिन उत्पादन भएदेखि सेवाग्राहीलाई सेवा दिंदासम्म यसका प्राविधिक प्रक्रियाहरू चरणबद्ध रूपमा पूरा गर्र्नु अपरिहार्य हुन आउँदछ ।
नेपालमा महामारी रोग बिफर उम्मुलन पश्चात् विस्तारित खोप आयोजनको नामबाट बि.स. २०३५ सालमा खोप सेवा प्रारम्भ भएको हो । हाल खोप सेवाले आमा र बच्चाहरूको रोगलाग्ने दर, अशक्तता हुने दर तथा मृत्यूदर घटाउन उल्लेख्य भूमिका खेलेको सर्वविदितै छ । एकातिर हामीले खोप सेवाको विस्तारसँगै यसको गुणस्तरीयता कायम गर्नु चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य हो भने अर्कोतिर शतप्रतिशत लक्षित बालबालिकाहरूलाई खोप सेवादिनु पनि त्यतिकै आवश्यकता छ ।त्यसरी नै भ्याक्सिन उत्पादन भएदेखि सेवाग्राहीलाई सेवा दिंदासम्म यसका प्राविधिक प्रक्रियाहरू चरणबद्ध रूपमा पूरा गर्र्नु अपरिहार्य हुन आउँदछ ।
नेपालमा महामारी रोग बिफर उम्मुलन पश्चात् विस्तारित खोप आयोजनको नामबाट बि.स. २०३५ सालमा खोप सेवा प्रारम्भ भएको हो । हाल खोप सेवाले आमा र बच्चाहरूको रोग लाग्ने दर, अशक्तता हुने दर तथा मृत्यूदर घटाउन उल्लेख्य भूमिका खेलेको सर्वविदितै छ । एकातिर हामीले खोप सेवाको विस्तारसँगै यसको गुणस्तरीयता कायम गर्नु चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य हो भने अर्कोतिर शतप्रतिशत लक्षित बालबालिकाहरूलाई खोप सेवा दिनु पनि त्यतिकै आवश्यकता छ । त्यसरी नै भ्याक्सिन उत्पादन भएदेखि सेवाग्राहीलाई सेवा दिंदासम्म यसका प्राविधिक प्रक्रियाहरू चरणबद्ध रूपमा पूरा गर्र्नु अपरिहार्य हुन आउँदछ ।
खोप सेवा नेपाल सरकारकोे पहिलो प्राथमिकता प्राप्त कार्यक्रम हो । बालबालिकाको मृत्युदर र विरामीदर घटाउनमा खोप सेवाको महत्वपूर्ण योगदान रहेको छ । नेपालमा प्रत्येक बर्ष करीव ६ लाख ६० हजारभन्दा बढी नवशिशुहरु जन्मन्छन् र ती सबै बालबालिकाहरुले पूर्ण खोप प्राप्त गर्नु उनीहरुको नैसर्गिक अधिकार हो । नेपाल सरकारको बहुबर्षीय खोप नीति २०११—१६ अनुसार सन् २०१६ को अन्त्य सम्ममा सबै गाविस तथा जिल्लाहरुमा पूर्ण खोपको कभरेज ९० प्रतिशत भन्दा बढी पुर्याउने लक्ष्य राखिएको छ । यद्यपि जनसांख्यिक स्वास्थ्य सर्भेक्षण २०११ अनुसार अझै १० प्रतिशत बालबालिकाले आंशिक र ३ प्रतिशत बालबालिकाले कुनैपनि खोप सेवा प्राप्त गरेका छैनन्, जुन हाम्रा लागि चुनौतीको बिषय रहेको छ ।
दाद’रा एउटा अति संक्रामक रोग हो । पाँच वर्ष म’निका बालबालिकाको मृत्य’को गराउने रोगहरु मध्ये दाद’रा एउटा पम्र’ख कारक हो र यसलाई खोपबाट सजिलै बचाउन सकिन्छ । यो रोग विरुको खोपको व्यापक प्रयोग गर्दै यसलाई नियन्त्रण गर्न अवलम्बन गरिएका प्रभावकारी रणनीतिहरुको परिणाम स्वरुप दाद’रा रोगको कारणले हन’े मृत्य’मा उल्लेखनीय कमी आएको क’रा तथ्या˝ले प्रमाणित गरेको छ । यसै सन्दर्भमा सन् २००४२००५ मा र सन् २००८ मा सञ्चालन गरिएको दाद’रा खोप अभियान पछि नेपालमा दाद’राका विरामीहरुको संख्यामा निकै कमी आएको तथ्य प्रष्ट नै छ ।
नेपालका सम्पूर्ण बालबालिकाहरुलाई विभिन्न सरूवा रोगहरु विरुद्ध सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दै खोपबाट बचाउन सकिने रोगहरुबाट हुने बिरामीदरमा कमी ल्याई शिशु तथा बालमृत्युदर घटाउन नियमित रुपमा सञ्चालन गरिदै आएको खोप सेवा कार्यक्रमलाई राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम भनिन्छ । राष्टिय खोप कार्यक्रम मार्फत नै खोप सेवा प्रदान गर्ने नीति, रणनीति तय गर्नुका साथै सेवा सञ्चालन गर्न आवश्यक र्ने सम्पूर्ण श्रोत–सामाग्रीहरुको व्यवस्थापन गरिन्छ । राष्ट्रिय खोप कार्यक्रम अन्तर्गत नियमित खोप सेवा, अभियानमार्फत दिइने खोप सेवा, सर्भिलेन्य कार्य तथा खोप सम्बन्धी अनुसन्धान कार्यहरु पर्दछन् । खोप सेवा सबै स्वास्थ्य संस्था, बाह्य खोप केन्द्र र घुम्ती टोली परिचालन गरी प्रदान गरिन्छ ।
नवजात शिशु तथा बाल मृत्युदर मूलुकको स्वास्थ्य स्थिति सम्बन्धी महत्वपूर्ण परिसूचकको रुपमा रहेको हुन्छ र यसले नागरिकको जीवनस्तर र देशको सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक विकासलाई पनि दर्शाउँछ । पोषण सुरक्षा बाल बचाऊ र विकासको आधार हो । शिशु मृत्यु घटाउने बिश्वव्यापी लक्ष्य हासिल गर्न नेपालले विगत १५ वर्षमा उल्लेखनीय प्रगति गरेको छ । सन् २०११ को सर्वेक्षण अनुसार नेपालको शिशु मृत्युदर प्रति १,००० जीवित जन्ममा ४६ रहेको छ । तर देशका विभिन्न भौगोलिक क्षेत्र, समुदाय बीच यो अवस्था फरक–फरक रहेको छ भने समग्रमा पनि यो अवस्थामा अझै सुधार गर्नुपर्ने जरुरी छ । साथै नवजात शिशु को मृत्यु दरमा उत्साहजनक प्रगति हुन सकेको छैन । नेपालमा अझैपनि शिशु मृत्यु दरको दुई–तिहाई भन्दा बढी अंश नवजात शिशु मृत्यु दरले ओगटेको छ । शिशु तथा बाल्यकालिन पोषणको अवस्था कमजोर हुनु एक प्रमुख कारण हो भन्ने कुरा विभिन्न तथ्याङ्कले देखाएको छ । त्यसैले शिशु तथा बाल्यकालीन पोषणमा उल्लेखनीय रुपमा सुधार गरेमा मुलुकमा बालबालिकाको स्वास्थ्य, वृद्घि तथा विकासमा महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्न सक्छ ।
नवजात शिशु तथा बाल मृत्युदर मूलुकको स्वास्थ्य स्थिति सम्बन्धी महत्वपूर्ण परिसूचकको रुपमा रहेको हुन्छ र यसले नागरिकको जीवनस्तर र देशको सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक विकासलाई पनि दर्शाउँछ । पोषण सुरक्षा बाल बचाऊ र विकासको आधार हो । शिशु मृत्यु घटाउने बिश्वव्यापी लक्ष्य हासिल गर्न नेपालले विगत १५ वर्षमा उल्लेखनीय प्रगति गरेको छ । सन् २०११ को सर्वेक्षण अनुसार नेपालको शिशु मृत्युदर प्रति १,००० जीवित जन्ममा ४६ रहेको छ । तर देशका विभिन्न भौगोलिक क्षेत्र, समुदाय बीच यो अवस्था फरक–फरक रहेको छ भने समग्रमा पनि यो अवस्थामा अझै सुधार गर्नुपर्ने जरुरी छ ।
कुष्ठरोग एक प्रकारको सरुवारोग मध्ये कम सर्ने रोग हो, यो रोग माइकोब्याक्टेरियम लेप्रे ९ःथअयदबअतभचष्गm भिउचबभ० नामक सुक्ष्म किटाणुबाट लाग्दछ । यो रोग मानिसमा ढिलो गरि लाग्ने र बिस्तारै निको हुने भएतापनि यस रोगले मानिस मर्दैन । यस रोगले छाला र सतहको स्नायूमा असर गर्दछ ।
Food and nutrition security are a huge challenge in Nepal, where agricultural productivity is far below potential yields. Due to low usage of improved seeds, chemical inputs, and irrigation, Nepal’s agricultural productivity is among the lowest in South Asia.1 According to the Nepal Thematic Report on Food Security and Nutrition 2013, one in five households in Nepal had an inadequate diet based on the Food Consumption score, and one in four households were considered food poor.2 Consequently, Nepal has a very high rate of child under-‐nutrition, with 41 per cent of children under five stunted, 11 per cent wasted and 28 per cent underweight.3 About 20 percent women are chronically undernou
Since the first case of HIV was detected in 1988, an epidemic of HIV in Nepal rose sharply in the mid1990s and was in peak during mid-2000s. Nepal has transitioned from ‘low-level epidemics’ to ‘concentrated epidemic’ with rapid spread among key population, i.e. Female Sex Workers (FSW), Men having sex with Men and Transgender (MSM/TG), People who Inject Drugs (PWID) (Male and Female), Male Labor Migrants (MLM) and their spouses and Clients of Sex Workers (CSW). The national response to HIV is guided by “National Policy on HIV and STI, 2011” and “Nepal HIV vision 2020” with a vision of ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat in Nepal by 2030. The national consolidated SI guideline aims to design an appropriate framework for measuring progress of Nepal HIV Strategic Plan targets and indicators at different levels, i.e. impact, outcome and output level, including definitions of core indicators and specifications for data collection and provide a roadmap for data sources, data collection, analysis and its use for improvement in implementation of the programme.
Cold Chain maintenance is an essential component of every immunization programme, without which delivery of immunization services is rendered impossible. For the safe storage and transportation of vaccine, cold chain equipment is a mandatory requirement. All equipment must be able to keep vaccines safely whatever the outside temperature, and however the climate varies at different times of the year. This means it is vitally important to use well-made, reliable equipment that at the very least, meets the minimum standards determined by WHO for vaccine storage and transport.
This Trainer Manual is designed to support the implementation of the Prevention of Motherto-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Generic Training Package (GTP). The Trainer Manual contains the same material found in the Participant Manual, supplemented with specific instructions for the trainer.
स्वास्थ्य र शिक्षा एक अर्कामा अन्योन्याश्रित विषय हुन् । विद्यालय जाने उमेरका बालबालिकाहरुको स्वास्थ्य र शिक्षाको स्तर सुधार गर्ने जिम्मेवारी विद्यालयको पनि हो । दक्षिणपूर्वी एसिया लगायत नेपाल जस्तो मुलुकमा सरसफाइको कमी र कुपोषणले गर्दा बाल मृत्युदर उच्च छ । बालरोगको उच्च संक्रमणले विद्यालय जाने उमेरका बालबालिकाहरुको शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्यमा नकारात्मक असर पारेको छ ।
जूका नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रम विद्यालय स्वास्थ्य तथा पोषण कार्यक्रमको एक अभिन्न अङ्ग हो । विद्यालय जाने उमेरका बालबालिकाहरूमध्ये करीव ७५ प्रतिशतसम्म जूकाको संक्रमणमा परेको तथ्य विभिन्न स्थानहरूमा विगतमा भएका अध्ययनबाट देखिएको छ । मानिसलाई जूका परेमा अपच हुने, पेट दुख्ने, पेट फुल्ने, कमजोरी हुने, खाना नरुच्ने र शरीरमा रगतको कमी हुन जान्छ । जूका परेमा खानामा भएका पोषक तत्वहरू जूकाले नै खाइदिन्छ र शरीरमा पोषणको मात्रामा कमी आउँछ ।
आयोडिन भनेको एक प्रकारको लवण हो । यो माटोमा पाइन्छ । जनावर तथा मानव शरीरको वृद्धि र विकासका लागि आयोडिन नभई हँुदैन । मानिसको शरीरका अत्यन्त संवेदनशील अंगहरू– मस्तिष्क र सम्पूर्ण स्नायु प्रणालीलाई राम्ररी सञ्चालन गर्नका लागि आयोडिनको जरुरत पर्दछ ।
रक्तअल्पता भनेको शरीरमा रगतको कमी हुनु हो । शरीरमा भएको रगतमा सामान्य भन्दा पनि थोरै राता रक्तकोष भएमा रक्तअल्पता हुन्छ । रक्तअल्पता भयो भने शारीरिक र मानसिक विकासमा वाधा पुग्दछ र रक्तअल्पता भइरह्यो भने मृत्यु पनि हुन सक्तछ ।
The Asia and Pacific region, with around seven million people estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS, ranks second in the world, after sub-Saharan Africa for HIV prevalence. The region is vast and diverse. Countries have varied epidemiological patterns of HIV and AIDS with generalised versus concentrated, versus low level epidemics. Regional trends indicate dramatic increases in infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).1 Asia and Pacific currently account for about 20% of new annual HIV infections globally. Transmission routes vary country by country, with unprotected commercial sex, heterosexual sex, homosexual and bisexual sex, and sharing of injecting equipment among injecting drug use all playing a greater or lesser part.
This programme is designed as a sequel to Part I–Training of VCT counsellors. It is recommended that graduates of Part I complete at least six months of post-training clinical practice before undertaking Part II of the training. This training package was prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization (SEARO) by the Albion Street Centre, Sydney, Australia and field tested.
The World Development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Education’s Promise argues that without learning, education will fail to deliver on its promise to eliminate extreme poverty and create shared opportunity and prosperity for all.