Health lifestyles and Environment

आम नागरिकको स्वास्थ्य र देशको समग्र विकास बीच अन्योन्याश्रित सम्बन्ध हुन्छ । स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रमा भएका प्रगतिहरूलाई विकासका प्रमुख सूचकाङ्कहरूको रूपमा लिइन्छ । विगतका दशकमा गरिबी र द्वन्द्वका बावजुद पनि नेपालले स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रमा उल्लेखनीय सफलता हासिल गरेको छ ।  नेपालको संविधानले स्वास्थ्यलाई जनताको मौलिक हकको रूपमा स्थापित गरिसकेको सन्दर्भमा सङ्व्रmामक रोगहरू नियन्त्रणमा प्राप्त उपलब्धिहरूलाई कायम राख्नु,नवजात शिशु तथा मातृ मृत्युदरलाई वाञ्छित तहसम्म घटाउनु, बढ्दै गएको नसर्ने रोगको प्रकोप नियन्त्रण गर्नु र कुनै पनि बेला हुनसक्ने स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धि विपद् व्यवस्थापन तत्काल गर्नु, जेष्ठ नागरिक, शारीरिक र मानसिक अपाङ्गता भएका, एकल महिला, खास गरी गरिब, सीमान्तकृत र जोखिममा रहेका समुदायलाई  गुणस्तरीय स्वास्थ्य सेवा उपलब्ध गराउनु राज्यको दायित्व हो । जनउत्तरदायी एवं कुशल व्यवस्थापनको माध्यमबाट आवश्यक सबै स्रोत र साधनको अधिकतम् परिचालन गरी प्राप्त भएका उपलब्धिहरूको रक्षा गर्दै स्वास्थ्य क्षेत्रमा  विद्यमान तथा नयाँ चुनौतीहरूलाई सही ढङ्गले सम्बोधन गरेर नागरिकको स्वास्थ्य प्रवद्र्धन, संरक्षण, सुधार र पुनस्र्थापन गर्न राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य नीति , २०४८ लाई पूर्ण रुपले अद्यावधिक गर्दै राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य नीति, २०७ राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य नीति, २०७ राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य नीति, २०७ राष्ट्रिय स्वास्थ्य नीति, २०७१ ११ १ तयार गरी लागू गरिएको छ । 
 

Human beings need to have adequate nutrition to attain normal physical growth (in children) and for a healthy life. Adequate nutrition is a fundamental right for every human being. If people fail to consume sufficient quality and quantity of nutrients, they will suffer from hunger or malnutrition. Malnutrition takes a variety of forms. The main types of malnutrition seen in Nepal are protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency disorders, iron deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency. In particular malnutrition places an enormous burden on children and women. Even mildly or moderately malnourished children and women are more likely to be at high risk of death due to lack of resistance against common infectious diseases. The above types of malnutrition not only affect people’s health but also affect the quality of life and the development of the socio-economic situation in the country.

Planned development in Nepal began in 1956. From the beginning the main focus of national development policies has been on the development and expansion of basic physical infrastructure and social services. Around 70 per cent of the development budget funded under external aid programmes was invested in these core areas. Development partners have played a key role in helping plan policy and development goals, which tend to follow prevailing global paradigms and practices. Keeping with the global trends, the development paradigm prioritised growth over redistribution. It assumed that growth would subsequently trickle down to transform the lives of the downtrodden. 

In accordance to the announcement of the House of Representative 2063, this act has been formulated within the first year of announcement to rehabilitate the people with mental disorders in the society by taking timely care of the mental diseases and safeguard the fundamental rights of persons with mental disorders.

प्रस्तावनाः नेपालमा बालकहरुलाई बिफर आउन नदिनका लागि अनिवार्य रुपले खोपाउने व्यवस्था गर्न वाञ्छनीय भएकोले, श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाहदेवबाट राष्ट्रिय पञ्चायतको सल्लाह र सम्मतिले यो ऐन बनाईबक्सेकोछ । १. संक्षिप्त नाम, विस्तार र प्रारम्भ :

(१) यो ऐनको नाम “बिफर नियन्त्रण ऐन, २०२०” रहेकोछ ।

(२) यो ऐन नेपाल सरकारबाट समय समयमा नेपाल राजपत्रमा प्रकाशित सूचनाद्वारा तोकिदिएको ठाउ“हरुमा तोकिएको मितिदेखि लागू हुनेछ ।

 २. परिभाषा ः विषय वा प्रस·ले अर्को अर्थ नलागेमा यस ऐनमा,–

(क) “बालक” भन्नाले १२ वर्ष पूरा नभएको व्यक्ति सम्झनु पर्छ । (ख) “स्थानीय क्षेत्र” भन्नाले नगरपालिका वा गाउ“ विकास समितिको नियन्त्रणमा रहेको क्षेत्रलाई सम्झनु पर्छ । (ग) “प्राथमिक खोप” भन्नाले बालकको पहिलो सफल खोप सम्झनु पर्छ ।

It has been documented that Nepal has a concentrated epidemic where most at risk populations presented HIV prevalence above 5%. Data generated through the systematic, ongoing collection of data through National HIV surveillance systems is necessary to understand the dynamics of the epidemic and enable appropriate responses.

The Government of Nepal (GoN) has a long history of commitment to improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes, most recently evidenced by the high priority given to the National Safe Motherhood Programme within the Nepal Health Sector Programme Implementation Plan (NHSP-IP 2004-2009).  Despite important gains over the past 15 years, the maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates remain high (539 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births1 and neonatal mortality rate of 39/1000 live births1), largely due to the lack of skilled attendance at birth, as well as poor referral systems and lack of access to life-saving emergency obstetric care when complications occur.

Malaria continues to be a public health priority in Nepal with a national aim of a malaria-free Nepal by 2026. The country has surpassed targets set by the Millennium Development Goals and is positioned to eliminate indigenous malaria transmission.  The  modified malaria strategic plan 2014-2025 presented here takes into consideration the results of  microstratification of malaria risk areas-2012, the midterm program review 2013, the current epidemiology and updated WHO guidelines, particularly for vector control and insecticide resistance management. This plan has inherent Government of Nepal’s commitment and seeks appraisal of external development partners, including the Global Fund, for possible external funding and technical assistance.

विश्वमा अति उच्च मातृमृत्युदर भएका मुलुकहरु मध्ये नेपाल पनि एक हो । प्रति एकलाख जीवित जन्ममा औषत ५३९ जना महिलाहरुको मृत्यु हुने गरेको छ१ । मातृ मृत्यु अति उच्च हुनका कारणहरु मध्ये असुरक्षित गर्भपतन एउटा प्रमुख कारणको रुपमा रहेको छ । विभिन्न अध्ययन, अनुसन्धानहरुले पनि गर्भपतन र मातृ मृत्युदर बीच घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध रहेको देखाएका छन्  । अस्पतालमा आधारित एक अध्ययनबाट अस्पतालमा हुने कूल मृत्यु मध्ये आधा भन्दा वढी मातृ मृत्यु गर्भपतनका कारणले हुने गरेको ज्ञात हुन आएको छ२ । समुदायमा आधारित गर्भपतन सम्बन्धी अर्को अध्ययनका आधारमा नेपालमा लुकीछिपी गर्भपतन गराउने १५ वर्षदेखि ४९ वर्ष सम्मका महिलाहरुमा प्रति हजार ११७ मातृ मृत्यु रहेको अनुमान गरिएको छ३ । स्वास्थ्य मन्त्रालयद्वारा मातृ मृत्युदर र रोगको चापका ९ःयचदष्मष्तथ० सम्बन्धमा गरिएको अध्ययनले अस्पत्ताल भर्ना हुने प्रसूति सम्बन्धी कूल विरामीहरु मध्ये ५४ प्रतिशत गर्भपतनका कारणले भर्ना हुने गरेको देखाएको छ४ ।

Central to Nepal’s National HIV and AIDS Strategy 2006-2011 is the call to scale up universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support. This is a continuation of the National HIV and AIDS Strategy 2002-2006 that remains strongly in accordance with the aim to accelerate Nepal’s response to HIV and AIDS in order to stay ahead of the epidemic. To carry this out, a National Action Plan on HIV and AIDS 20062008 was developed through a multisectoral participative consultation. A successor plan is necessary for sustaining the gains achieved in past years, addressing the gaps and emerging challenges, and responding to the changing needs and realities that Nepal faces in relation to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.